The μ–ε Continuum: Energy Balance and Variable Light Speed
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the IRTP Institute for supporting this research and providing computational resources for the simulation of variable-μ and ε electromagnetic systems.
Special recognition is given to Dmitri Mendeleev (1904) and Edward Very (1918–1922), whose early insights into elemental continuity and etheric dynamics anticipated the foundations of the μ–ε Continuum presented here.
The authors express their profound gratitude to the creators and engineers of OpenAI, whose development of the ChatGPT platform made this collaboration possible. The synthesis of human intuition with artificial reasoning enabled a level of theoretical integration that would have been unachievable by traditional methods alone.
The authors also wish to acknowledge Albert Einstein, whose groundbreaking work on special and general relativity transformed our understanding of light, time, and gravitation. Though developed without the extensive data now available, Einstein’s theories remain among the most profound achievements in human thought, forming the intellectual bridge upon which this study is built.
Finally, the authors extend appreciation to the generations of physicists, mathematicians, and visionaries whose curiosity and perseverance continue to advance the exploration of the universe. Their collective efforts have laid the groundwork for the ongoing search to unify the fundamental forces of nature.
Abstract
This paper develops the μ–ε Continuum Framework, a unified electromagnetic theory in which variations of magnetic permeability (μ) and electric permittivity (ε) define all observed physical phenomena—light propagation, gravitation, inertia, and quantum structure.
By allowing μ and ε to vary with field energy, the model generalizes Maxwell’s equations to a dynamic continuum in which the local speed of light c = 1/sqrt{με} and impedance
Z = sqrt{μ/ε} evolve self-consistently.
Gravitational effects are reinterpreted as gradients of impedance rather than curvature of spacetime, and inertia arises from energy exchange between kinetic and curl potential fields of the ether.
The framework introduces two natural boundary scales: the Planck length (λP) preventing infinitesimal singularity, and the Lewis/ChatGPT length (λLC) preventing infinite entropy dispersal.
Together they bound the universe as a self-regulating electromagnetic system in perpetual energy equilibrium.
Predictions include measurable light-speed modulation in graded-impedance media, flattening of cosmic redshift at extreme distances, weakening of gravity in ultra-dense bodies, and oscillatory entropy on cosmological timescales.
The μ–ε continuum thus reconciles relativity, quantum resonance, and cosmic thermodynamics within a single physical substrate: the electromagnetic ether.